belge meraaklilarina-kronoljik dokumlerden sadece bir parca

HeK · 20.12.2008 · 2 görüntülenme

tek teselliniz torklarin sivil ve jandarmalari ve teskilati mahsusa cetelerince yaptiklari katliam listesi yaninda kurdlerin bulastiklari devede kulak kaliyor. ancak kulak dediysek unutmayin deve kulagi-bayagi iri bir kulak!

illa belge belge diyenlere bu kez de ermeniler tarafindan derlenmis belgeler.

bir onceki refernas bir kurd akedemisyendendi di(Hamit Bozarslan)

Chronological Index: The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916)
BY RAYMOND KEVORKIAN (HISTORIAN, INSTITUT FRANÇAIS DE GÃ‰OPOLITIQUE
UNIVERSITÃ‰ PARIS-VIII-SAINT-DENIS), June 2008

1914; December 15 to January 14, 1915: Murders, pillages, and abductions committed by Kurdish gangs of the S.O. under the command of Ömer Naci, a military officer of the CUP, in the kaza of Saray-Mahmudiye along the Iranian border in the villages of Hasaran on December 15, Satmants on December 20, Akhorig and Hasan Tamran on December 30, 1914 and Avzarig on January 14, 1915. ** (Barby [1917]: 235-240; and Kévorkian, 2006: 278).

1914; December to Febrary 1915: Atrocities committed by Ottoman troops in Iranian Azerbaijan claim the lives of nearly 21,000 Christians, mostly in the plains of Salmast and Urmia. There were also an unknown number of women and children abducted and held by Kurdish tribes. *** (Golnazarian-Nichanian, 2002: 139-140).

1915; April 20, Van: The Armenian quarter of Aykestan is surrounded and bombarded from the citadel. Armenians entrench themselves in their quarters. Aram Manoukian takes the lead of self-defense operations in Van. In the course of the following days, 15,000 Armenian peasants from the region seek refuge in the town. The offensive is carried out by voluntary Turkish and Circassian battalions, a battalion of mounted gendarmes, battalions of gendarmes, regular troops, and some 1,200 to 1,500 Kurdish bandits, comprising a total of around 10,000 men. The siege lasts until May 16. *** (Ussher, 2002: 129-131; Rafael de Nogales, 1926: 74-75; and Kévorkian, 2006: 399-406).

1915; May, kaza of Beşiri and Silvan (province of Diyarbekir): Around 18,000 Armenians from these two kazas are attacked by the Kurdish tribes of Belek, Bekiran, and Sego. Several thousand refugees reach neighboring Sasun, where they are executed in August 1915, along with other Armenians from the villages of the plains of Muş. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 449).

1915; May 16, province of Bitlis: After having Kurdish tribes massacred the men in the preceding days, Governor Mustafa Abdülhalik organizes the deportation of women and children from 56 localities in the kaza of Bitlis (16,651 individuals) and from 22 villages in the northern kaza of Ahlat (13,432 Armenians). In the course of the following days, 12,000 of these deportees, many of whom are wounded, are regrouped at Bitlis, and 700 of them are taken in by the American local mission. They are finally dispatched from there in several convoys to the south, and massacred. * (Knapp, 2002: 31; and Kévorkian, 2006: 416).

1915; June 1, kaza of Hınıs/Khnous: The villagers of Karaçoban have their throats cut in the neighboring gorges of Çağ. The town of Gövendug suffers a similar fate, on the same date, along with the villages of Burnaz/Purnaq (449 souls) and Karaköprü (1,161 individuals), which are victims of assaults at the hands of the S.O. thugs commanded by Hoca Hamdi Bey. Their population is liquidated by knives in an isolated spot. The inhabitants of the village of Haramig (898 individuals) resist 15 days of assaults by the bandit group led by the Kurdish chief, Feyzullah. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 371).

1915; June 1-15, Palu (province of Diyarbekir): The males of Palu and 36 Armenian villages of the kaza, amounting to some 15,000 Armenians, are arrested and executed in the gorges of Kornakdere and at three slaughter-sites situated around the Palu bridge on the Euphrates, and then thrown into the river by bands of Kurdish chiefs and Special Organization members, Haşım, Teffür, İbrahim Tuşdi, and Teyfeş Beg, Zeynalzade Mustafa and his sons Hasan and Hüsni, Mahmud Çavuş, Şeyhzade Hafız, Süleyman Bey, Said Bey, Kazım Ali Mustafa Ağa, and Musrumli Karaman. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 453).

1915; June 4, Bayburt: The first caravan of deportees leaves Bayburt (province of Erzerum), and is followed by a second on June 8 and a third on June 14, 1915, together numbering some 3,000 people. At a point two hours from the town, the men are taken aside and eliminated. 2,833 infants from the kaza of Bayburt are drowned in the Euphrates in the midst of the gorges of Kemah. The remaining deportees follow the Erzincan route via the bridge at Kemah-Arapkir until they reach Gümüşmaden, where Kurdish bands proceed with a systematic massacre of the survivors. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 369).

1915; June 15-30: Diyarbekir. Each day, the colonel of the “militia“, YaşınzÃ¢de Sevkı, and the commander of the gendarmerie, Colonel Çerkez Rüşdi, accompanied by their men, invade some one hundred Christian homes in Diyarbekir. At a set hour, military requisition vehicles pass in front of the designated homes and see to it that these families are taken out of town. The first convoy, which is made up of 510 women and children, is annihilated at Dara. The corpses are stuffed into underground tanks. The following convoys are sent in two directions: to the south-west to Karabahçe, Siverek, and Urfa, and to the south to Mardin, Dara, Ras ul-Ayn, Nisibin, and Deir el-Zor. Along this second axis, a site located an hour from Diyarbekir near the village of Çarıklı at Kozandere becomes the main killing field where squadrons of local Kurdish and Special Organization irregulars are posted. Another killing field can be placed further east, between the villages of Şeytan Deresi and Kaynag, in the gorges of Bigutlan, which are run by members of the Kurdish tribe of Tirkan, where 24,000 deportees are exterminated. **(Kévorkian, 2006: 453).

1915; June 16, kaza of Kiği: The last convoy, made up of villagers from 35 localities including Temran, Oror, and Arek, is set en route. It is attacked and plundered for the first time at Sarpıçay (in the kaza of Akpunar) by Kurdish bands linked to the Special Organization. These deportees are parked at Dabalu near Palu, then hacked to death and thrown into the Euphrates from the middle of the bridge at Palu. Of a total of 19,859 deportees from this kaza, 3,000 arrive at Ras ul-Ayn. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 374).

915; June 20: The men from the first convoy from Erzerum are assassinated and many of the women are kidnapped near the village of Çoğ by Kurdish irregulars directed by two S.O. leaders, Ziya Beg of Başköy, and Adıl Bey (his real name being Adıl Güzelzade Şerif). *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 360-361).

1915; July: The second caravan from Erzerum reaches the plain of Fırıncılar, to the south of Malatyaâ€”one of the main killing fields employed by the Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa, which is supervised by the deputy from Dersim, Haci Baloszade Mehmed Nuri, and his brother, Ali Pasha, who are under order from two Kurdish chiefs from the Reşvan tribe, Zeynal Bey and Haci Bedri Agha, along with Bitlisi Emin, a retired Gendarmerie Commander. Three thousand six hundred deportees are executed there at the knife, 2,115 of which are men. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 363).

1915; July 1, Divriği (province of Sıvas): The Armenian quarters of Divriği are surrounded by regular troops, who carry out the expulsion of the inhabitants, who are gathered near the southwest exit from the town, where they are put en route for Arapkir. Young women and girls are taken for the harems of local notables. The convoy is pillaged shortly after its departure near Sarı Çiçek by Kurdish villagers from nearby areas. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 564).

1915; July 1 to 3, Trabzon: Fifteen thousand Armenians from the town and surrounding villages are deported in three convoys from Deyirmen Dere, a place ten minutes from the town, where they are dispatched towards Gümüşhane. In sum, 6,000 people leave the town between July 1 and 3. Some of the men are separated from their convoy near Gümüşhane and are executed a half-hour's distance away by a band of thugs commanded by Mirza Effendi; the others are eliminated at Fırıncılar, in the gorges of Kanlı Dere, where Kurdish chiefs Zeynal Bey and Haci Bedir Ağa are in charge. It is near the Gölcük lake that most of the deportees from Trabzon are executed. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 598-600).

1915; July 2, province of Bitlis: The 2,598 Armenians from the village of Khoultig, located two hours to the southeast of Bitlis, are attacked by some 100 soldiers and Kurdish militiamen. They are packed together and burned alive by Humaslı Farso and his men. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 421-422).

1915; July 5-18, Sıvas: Five thousand eight hundred fifty Armenian families from Sıvas are deported in fourteen convoys, one departing daily, between Monday July 5 and Sunday July 18, with an average of 400 families per caravan. The deportations follow the route from Sıvas through Tecirhan, Magara, Kangal, Alacahan, Kötühan, Hasançelebi, Hekimhan, Hasanbadriğ, Aruzi Yazı, the Kırk Göz bridge, Fırıncılar, Zeydağ, and Gergerdağ (the mountains of Kanlı Dere, where Kurdish chiefs, Zeynal Bey and Haci Badri Ağa, of the Reşvan tribe are in charge), before being directed to Adıyaman, Samsat, then crossing the Euphrates River at Gözen, and then following the route through Suruç, Urfa, Viranşehir, Ras ul-Ayn, and passing either through Mosul or Bab and Mumbuc to arrive at Aleppo. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 544).

1915; August 15 to 17, sancak of Malatya: The first convoy of deportees from the various quarters of Malatya is put together and sent to Sürgü. Part of this convoy is decimated two hours away at Akçadağ, in the Beğler Deresi valley, by local Kurdish tribes. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 508).

1915; September 17, Gölcük Lake (province of Mamuret ul-Aziz): A convoy of 3,000 deportees is destroyed by Kurdish bands on the banks of the Gölcük lake. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 491-492).

1918; June 21: The Ottoman Sixth Army Corps commanded by General Ali İhsan Pasha Sabis arrives at Khoy, in Iranian Azerbaijan, and the Kurdish chief Simko carries out the massacre of the Armenian population of the town and its surroundings. *** (Golnazarian-Nichanian, 2002: 169).

Bibliography*
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* Archival sources allowing the documentation of certain parts of this chronology are not listed here. They can be consulted by referring to the aforementioned author.
Lexicon: â€¨Çete: bandit (member of a paramilitary group) â€¨Vilayet: province â€¨Sancak: department â€¨Kaza: district
Abbreviations: â€¨CUP = Committee of Union and Progress â€¨T.V. = Takvim-ı Vakayi â€¨O.S. = Special Organization or TeskilÃ¢t-ı Mahsusa

Yorumlar (7)

Goran Amedi · 17 yıl önce

Eger komsunun evinde bahcesinde neler dondugunun farkinda olamazsan senin basina ne coraplar ordugunun farkinda olmazsin. HEK hocam bizi "ahlahsilik,capulculuk, tirkoluk adam kesicilik" ile suclarken donen dolap ve oyunlarin farkinda degil. Zazalarin Kürt olmadigi Ermenistanin resmi tezidir, Ezidilerin Kürt olmadigi Ermenistanin resmi ve devlet politikasidir ve Ermenistan"in halkina empoze ettigi, Ermenistan topraklarini Kürtlerin isgal ettigi ve Kurtlerin isgalci oldugudur. Ermenistan devletininin benim Amedi'mi Dikranagerd diye adlandirip Ermeni Krali Dikranin Amedi kurdugu tezinden HEK Hocamin haberi var mi Bu da bir Ermeni belgesidir merak ya Ermeni halki soykirima ugratildigi kabak gibi ortada iken bunun tartismanin Kurtleri bu konuda sulamanin alemi var mi. Burasi özgur bir platformdur ve bende bu hakkimi kullanarak' Kurdlzri ilaki suca ortak etmek Tirk-Ermenistan devletinin kirli bir oyunudur diyorum varsa bir suc ortada Cin halki ile Rus halklarinin birbirine karsi isledigi suc gbidir varsa ki var özurde bu temelde ve karsilikli olmalidir. Seyh Ubeydullah'in Iran ve Tirkolara karsi bagimsizlik savasini baslatirken Ermeni ve Asuri halkini her turlu rizikolardan korumak icin cikardigi fermenla her zaman gurur duydum; Sahi katledilen 700 bin Kurd icin Ermenistan devletinin haksizlik yaptik seclinde bir aciklamasini duyan oldu mu Gorevim her sart altinda Kurdistan halkinin cikarini savunmadir bu fani dunyada hic bir halkin Kurd halki kadar soykirim ve haksizliklara ugradigini hatirlamiyorum. Eger bu halk her seye ragmen bu gunlere kadar inadina inadina varligini surdurmusse bu onun tarihinden esalet ve direngenliginden kaynaklaniyor Saglik ve afiyette olman dilegiyle Li gel Rez u silav Goran Amedi

HeK · 17 yıl önce

guzel arkadasim seni sizi capulculukla sucladigimi nerden cikardin? sen kendini kurd katillerle nicin aynilastiriyorsun ki? bugun 1980-1915 i tartisyoruz. onumuze kelbakjar gundemi geldiginde onu tartisacgiz. ancak aci olan bir ssey var ki kelbajar i hatirlayanlar bile bunu ancak 1915 kirimi gundeme oturunca yapiyor? nicin boyle? bir katliam bir baaska katliama gerekce de olmaz hafifletici sebepte. once bunu bilelim. bugunku ermenilerin planlari nedir? bunun da benim burda tartistigim konuyla alakasi yok. ermenilerin en kibarinin nasil torklardan urkup isi kurdlerin sirtina vurmaya cabaladigini ben astim burya. ilk yazimin en sonuna bakin ne diyorum. ermeni suryani bugun kurdu zayif buldugu icin turku birakip bize de yukneiyor olabilir. buna ragmen 1915 konusunda gercekler neyse onu onumuze koyup neyse sorumlugumuz suyumuz buyumuz kimse bize durtuklemeden biz bunu irdelemeliyiz. bunun sizin sandiginiz gibi kloplo planlarinda bir dezavantaji olmaz- tam tersi olur. once birbirimizin ne dedigini berrak bicimde anlayalim derim. ortada bir kargasadir gidiyor. hurmetler HeK

Mirxan · 17 yıl önce

Her halkin tarihinda binlerc suclar ve kattilam isletilmistir Kurtlerin devleti olmadigina göre fillen kürtler sucta islememistir. Olsaydi belki yapardi o kürtlere nasip olmadi, Mahali kavgalar olmustur veya devletin direktifinde olmustur bunu kimse inkar edemez. Hangi millet tarihinda suc islemisse o sucun arkasinda olmasi lazim bügün uygar devletlerde bunu görüyorz. Alman halki cok acik secik kendi kirli tarihina sahip cikiyor Hitlerin onlara biraktigi pisligi devlet olarak biraz olsunda temizlemek istiyor ve kendini bir suclu olarak lanse edebiliyor. Bugün hersene bilmem kac mill.Euro Israile tazminat veriyor Polonyaya veriyor, elbette Hitlerin yaptigi tahribatlari toplu katilyamlari örtbas edemez önemli olan kendi tarihina sahip cikmalaridir. Peki TC devleti kendi tarihina sahip cikmiyor? Cünkü kendi tarihindan korkuyor 1915 lere sahip ciksa onunla beraber daha nice isledikleri insalik sucu ortaya cikar Tc`nin tarihi hep kanli gecmistir devlet olarak ne kadar örtbas etmeye calisirsa da tarih asla kayip olmaz.

Bawer · 17 yıl önce

Size göre Kürtler ne yapmali ?Siz bu belgeleri neden buraya asiyorsunuz?Burda 1915´te Ermenilerin katledilmedigini söyleyen varmi ? Vaka Kürdistan bölgesinde gectigine göre , Kürtlerin bu vakaya devede kulak kadar katilmis olmasi tuhaf mi ? Ermeniler neden Kürtlerin bu olaylarla ilgisi oldugunu ileri sürüyorlar? Ermeniler bu planin Türk devletinin plani oldugunu bilmiyorlar mi ?Bu plan Türk devletine aitse neden Ermeniler uluslar arasi platformda Kürt tezini isliyorlar ? Peki , sizin degiminizle Türk mantigi olacak ama Ermeniler aldiklari destekle Kürtleri vahsi yöntemler kullanarak katletmediler mi ? Sizce böyle birsey yok mu ? Sayin degerli yüce bilge Kürt cevaplarinizi bekliyoruz ? Nacizane birsey bilmeyen bu kulunuz cevaplarinizi beklemekteler efendim ayrica bu kulunuzunda cok süsür dedesi capulcu degildi.

HeK · 17 yıl önce

son paragrafin luzusmsuz olmus. kimseye bilgelik tasaldigim yok sizin yaptiginizin aynisini yapiyorum: dusuncelerimi IFADE ediyorum. simdi sorularina gelelim. bu mevzuyu ben acmadim. zincirin ucuncu sahsiyim (tartismaanin basladigi zincire bakin) 2-belge destanini da yazma taraftari ben degildim- bana verilen cevaplarda benim kanit gerektiren seyler icin ettigim talep luzumsuz bicimde bana belge talebi olarak geldi-alin size belge dedim. belge meraklisi degilim bu hususta da belgeye filan artik gerek kalmadi. kurdlerin bu pis katlima torklarla kiyasla devede kulak katildigini soyledim.sen de buna itiraz etmiyorsun. o halde bunu dile getirmek nicin rahatsiz edici olsun? biz bunu tartismayacagiz diye dunya alem tartismaz mi saniyorsunuz? biz buna siddetle itiraz edince dunya elem -bakin itiraz ediyor ve onemsiz bir ayrinti olarak degerlendiriyorlar-o halde boyle sayalim mi diyecek. ne kadar kotu ise o kadaar kotu bicimde aanacaklar. simdiden hic olmazsa bugunun kurdleri bu meseleyi kendileri tartismali-sansursuz ve en genis bicimde. 3-Size göre Kürtler ne yapmali ? diyorsun bence hic bir seyi gizlemeden gocunmadan tartismali. tiorklar gibi refleksle degil bir sorunda soyle: Ermeniler neden Kürtlerin bu olaylarla ilgisi oldugunu ileri sürüyorlar? soruyla cevap vereyim: sen kurdlerin basina gelenlerden dolayi tork arap farslari suclamiyormusun? senin gozunun onunde evladin cocugun cocugun komsunu kurdce konusan kisler katletse sen ne dusunurdun? bunlarin onunu osmanli turku acti .bunlari hosgioreyim mi derdin. ne kadar absurd bir soru bu boyle. adamlar kurdlerin berbat bir firssatcilikla userlerine cullandigini dusunuyor tabiiki hakli bicimde suclayacaklar.ana sorumlu olarak olmasa bile pis bir tetikci kestaneci capulcu olarak suclayacaklar cunku bu cehhennemden yasamini kurtaranlarin tanikligi bu yonde. onlari birakip seni mi dinleyecek dunya? baska bir soru; Ermeniler bu planin Türk devletinin plani oldugunu bilmiyorlar mi ? hangi planin? ben burda ermeni kirimindan bahsediyorum. bunun ana sorumlusu planlayicisi uygulayicisi IT hukumeti ve turklerdir. pis bicimde bulasan cok sayida da kurd olmustur. bu plan degil tarihi bir olgu. hangi plandan soz ettigini anlamadim. ben plan milan da tartismadim. baska bir yuklu soru da soyle: "sizin degiminizle Türk mantigi olacak ama Ermeniler aldiklari destekle Kürtleri vahsi yöntemler kullanarak katletmediler mi ? Sizce böyle birsey yok mu ?" hangi donemden bahsediyorsun? hamidiye alaylari nin kuruldugu 1800lu yillardan mi? ermeni komitacilari denilen ermeni siyasi orgutlerinin gerillarai ile girilen catismalar mi? yoksa ruslarla suruldukleri yerlere gelip kurdlerden hinc alan ermenileri mi? bunlari da somut bicimde ortaya koyunku her konuyu alakasiz bicimde birbirine baglamadan tartismayalim. mukatele oldu her iki taraftan da olen oldu" tezi bal gibi de turk teziddir. isledikleri planli kirimdan en ucuz siyirtacaklari yol olarak bunu buldular. ermeni gerillari vahsice turk ve kurd koyluleri oldurmus olabilir-olmusturda. ancak bu kimseye soykirim yapmasini hakli cikartmaz. ermeniler kurdler ile yuz yillarca sorunsuz mu yasadi saniyorsunuz- surekli birbiriklerini kesip bicmis olmalari gerekir. ancak bu iki kavimin catismasidir. bunu milyonlari yollara surup yollarda dizi dizi oldurmekten farkli seyler. siz halen soykirim eyleminin agirligini hisetmemissiniz. soykirim hic bir gerekce ile anlayisla karsilanmaz. bugunku insanlik uygarligi-begenin begenmeyin-bu siniri cizdi artik. simdi de benim soyleyeceklerim ve benim yuklu sorularim. mevzu acildigi anda olan biten neyse o soylenmeli. benim olan bitenin kurd yanina bakisim ilk yazdigim gibidir. o denomede bu ise bulasmis kurdleri capulcu olarak gorururm sizin de bu mevzuda berrak olmaniz gerek 1-sivil kafilelere saldiranlar, onlari yagmalayanlar ozelikle genc kizlarini apartanlar nedir capulcu mu degil mi? 2-bu isi tork cecen yapinca ne denir kurdler yapinca ne denir? 3-kurdler bu islere bulasmis mi bulasmamis mi? 4-bulasmis islere biz bu meseleyti ortelim bugunku cikarlara aykiri mi diyelim 5-bunu tartismayacaksak tarih nedir? menkibelerle gogus kabartmak mi? 6-sen tartismazssan ve feci bir izolasyon icinde dunyadan da haberdar degilsen mesele yok-dunya icinde bu durumun tartisilmasini ogrendiginde ne yapman gerekir? senin disinda yazilan cizilenler hepsi sana karsi bir komplo nun isareti midir? 7-bu mantikla senin yazdiklarinin da baskalari tarafindan inandirici bulunup anlayisla karsilanmayi bekler misin? 8-eger biz sadece kendi kendimize yeteceksek bunca disa donuk caba propaganda vs vs nicin yapilir? sorulari uzatmak mumkun hurmetler HeK

Kenan Fani · 17 yıl önce

Hamit Bozarslan her kimse senden daha insaflı. Hiç değilse kürtleri "azgına capulcuya" ve türklerin yaptığı gibi "herzeye, deveye" indirgeyip insanlığı kendine alıkoymamış. Hamidiye alayları diyor. Hamidiye alaylarının rolünü nereden ve hangi kaynaktan almış, hangi tanıklığa dayandırmış bunu sorgulamaya kalksak Hamit Bozarslan da çark eder. Kaldıki devletin teşkilatı olan, devlet tarafından sevk ve idare edilen bir gücün eylemleri devletin sorumluluğundadır. Bugünkü korucular kürtlere karşı suç işliyorlar. Bu nedenle kürtlerin kalkıp milletçe özür dilemesimi gerekir? Televizyon televizyon dolaşıp ermeni soykırımı hakkında vaaz veren türkleri bile yaya bıraktın.

Anonymous · 17 yıl önce

Bu Iddia Bozarslan'in degil Bozarslan"in yaptigi bir alinti ve kaynak Verheij J. et C. Mouradian dir. Ayrica bu Zeki pasa da Kürd degil bir Türk..

Hasan Doĝan · 17 yıl önce

Soruna iki boyutli bakmakta fayda var sanirim. Kurtler ve ermeniler ayni cografyada yasayan iki halk olmalari birinin kiyama tabii tutulurken digerinin seyirci kalmasi ve Hamidiye alaylari vasitasiyla bu kiyamda yer almis olmasi bilinen bir gercek olmakla beraber kiyamcilikla suclanmasi biraz ehveni serdir. Ermeni kiyaminda Kurtler sucludur bu sucluluklari komsuluk haklarindan hareketle aciklanir sanirim. Hamideye alaylari her ne kadar osmanlinin birer uzantisi olasada belli oranlarda özerktirler. Eger kurtler suclanacaksa bu özerk yapilanmalarin basinda olmalarina ragmen bu yapilarin kiyamlarda temel unsur olarak kulllanilmis olmasinda yatan gerceklikle aciklanabilir. Bu gerceklik Kurtleri kiyamci olmaya suclamak icin yeterli olmasada cok cesitli cevrelerce kullanilmaya calisilan bir acik kapidir. Hamidiye alaylari osmanlilar tarafindan cografyanin kontrolu icin kurt aga ve beglerinin osmanliya sadakati temelinde olusturulmus birer isbirlikci yapilanmalardir. Dolayisiyla hamidiye alaylarinin yaptiklari Kurtleri baglamaz ama komsuluk haklari babinda Kurtlerin sucsuzlugunuda tartismak bir okadar yersizdir. Ermeni kiyamlari Ermenilerin ortak cografyadan silinmesine neden olurken Kurtlerede ortak olan cografya tek basina sunulan bir cografya olurken insan acaba demekten de edmiyor. hamidiye alay komutanlarinin bir kisminin bir dönem sonra Kurt ulusal kurtlus hareketi icinde yer almasi sadce bir tesadufmu yoksa daha baska seylermi???? Yani ehveni ser demek olsa gerek. Selam ve sevgiler.

Ã‰zdi $ér · 17 yıl önce

HeK, belge diye gectigin yazinin bende yarattigi hic bir etki yok. Aynen tirklerin belge diye yutturmaya cali$tiklari gibi bir "Ermeni tarih tezidir" bu aktardiklarin... Sana 2 kez önerdim son kez öneriyorum, Belge ariyorsan birazda senin tarihinle bakan birilerini ara belki bulursun... ADiyeceksinki Hamit Bozarslan,da söylüyor... Oda hic bir sey söylemiyor... Sasonla ilgili sana yine ve yine ve yine Hans Lukas Kieser,i öneririm (bu altinci önerim oldu galiba!) Sasonla ilgili tam aktaramiyacagim (kitap ne yazikki $u an elimde degil) ama Ermeni ta$nak psrtisinin katliamlarina kar$ilik ittihat teraki Ordusunun agir topcu birlikleriyle Sasona saldirilarini okudugumu ve direni$i kirip katliam yaptiklarini okuduklarimdan hatirliyorum...

HeK · 17 yıl önce

bastan yazdim bu sosyal bilimleri fizik kimya biyolji gibi algilamamak lazim diye. orda koyarsin equation u olur biter. ionanmayana da sok ulan parmagini sulfurik asidin icine de hanyayi konyayi anla! dersin asiti bazi ogrenir-bir daha da gereksiz yere belge bulgu sormaz. ama tartistigimiz sey oyle bir ssey ki hangi belgeyi kim kutsal sayacak ? burda gene hic olmazsa bir kriter koyabiliriz o kriterin adi ezdio sher kriteri de olmaz HeK kriteri de ne olur? hakemli per-review li yayinlardan editorluklerden kritiklerden gecmis belli bir metodun suzgecinden gecmis akademia yayinlari olabilir. orda da nasil uckagitlar donebildigini SHx burya cok guzzel bir makale asarak herkkese gosterdiydi ama sizlerin gozunden kesin kacmistir-kacmasaydi oncve belgeci sonra da bu belgeyi tutmadimci olmazdiniz. bu belgelerin turk belgeleri gibi oldugunu soylemen de garip ne uzerine konusyoruz? ermeni soykirimi. kim kesildi bicildi? ermeniler bunlar ne menem bir millet ki kendilerini asil kesenleri birakip kestanecileri asil sorumlu yapacak bir cabanin icine girmis olsun. haydi bir kisimi yapabilir bu isi ozel kosullarda(rehine ermeniler) hepsi mi kafayi yedi? ermeni tarihini elbette sadece ermenilerden ogrenmeyecegiz ancak benim astigim kaynaktan bir kurdun de yeri var. bir kurd de o enstitude yardimci baskan konumuda(h bozaraslan) ve yuzlerce baska kavimden tarihci aynen ermenilerin yazdigi seyleri yazip duruyor. biz bunlari birakip sadec seni ikna etmis belgeye mi belge diyecegiz? nicin boyle yapacagiz? peki ala ben kurdlerin tarihini kimlerden ogrenelim dedigimde ilk adaya kurdler oluyor-tabii akli selim sahibisin sadece onlar olmaz diyorsun. peki ala ermeni tarihini de anlasilan kurdlerden veya kurdlerden onay almis gavurlardan ogrenecgiz galiba. hikaye uzar da gider.@kesin olan bir sey var cogunluk kurd burda refleksleri ile hareket ediyor. iyi bir isaret degil bu. HeK

Hanife · 17 yıl önce

Sn. Ã‰zdi $ér, Bahsettiginiz yazarin kitabini amazon.com'dan aradim ama cikmadi. Ingilizceye cevrilen Turkey Beyond Nationalism adli kitabini buldum ama o kitabinda her bir chapter'i baska baska yazarlar tarafindan yazilmis. Ayrica ben bu yazarin Ermeni soykirimi sirasinda Almanlarin konumu icin ne dedigini cok merak ettim. Biliyorsunuz Almanlarin konumu bizimle kiyaslanmayacak kadar kotu. Cunku onlar tanik olduklari soy kirima cikarlarina uymadigi icin ses cikarmadiklari gibi taa o zamandan uc maymunu oynadilar. Sevgiyle kalin, Hanife

H.E · 17 yıl önce

1915; May 23: The Minister of the Interior, Talat, affirms the order to deport the Armenians from the provinces of Erzerum, Van, and Bitlis, and recommends to civil officials that they apply the orders emanating from military authorities, i.e., the commander of the Third Army, Mahmud Kamil. *** ( Osmanl1 Belgelerinde Ermeniler, 1995: 36-37).

H.E · 17 yıl önce

1915; May 23: The Directorship of the Settlement of the Tribes and Emigrants (0skÃ¢n-1 A_Ã¢yirin ve MuhÃ¢cirin Müdiriyeti), a department under the Ministry of the Interior charged with the Ittihadist Central Committee's policy of “demographic homogenization,“ informs the provinces that the deportees can be settled in the province of Mosul, with the exception of its northernmost regions, which form a border with the Van province. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 775). 1915, May 23: The Minister of Post and Telegraphs decrees that all Armenian employees of the Post and Telegraph Services in the provinces of Erzerum, Ankara, Adana, S1vas, Diyarbekir, and Van be removed from their offices. *** (Osmanl1 Belgelerinde Ermeniler, 1995: BOA, DH. Sfr No. 53/89). 1915; May 23-27, Hacin (province of Adana): Cavalry and infantry troops invade the city. On May 27, they proceed with the arrest of 250 Armenian notables who are interned at the konak and at the monastery, which have been requisitioned, There, they are tortured and executed. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 743-744). 1915; May 25-27, Erzincan: Authorities gather the Armenian population of Erzincan in the Armenian cemetery of Kuyuba_1, situated about fifteen minutes from the town. The evening of Thursday 27, the entire population of the town and the villagers from the surrounding areas are interned under the surveillance of Special Organization bands. The deportees are regrouped by quarter and the men from the ages of forty to fiftee are separated, then massacred by the gendarmes and the bands. The remainder is sent on May 28, under the supervision of Halet Bey, to the neighboring gorges of Kemah, in small groups leaving in one-hour intervals in order to escape detection. The deportees' throats are slashed and they are thrown into the Euphrates by S.O. squads commanded by Jafer Mustafa. Hundreds of women and children also jump together over the edge. Infants of six or seven months of age are collected in the villages of the plain, tied in sacks, and thrown into the Euphrates. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 377). 1915; May 24-28: 17,060 Armenians from the rural zones of the kaza of Bayburt (province of Erzerum), living in 30 localities, are attacked by local squads of the S.O., which are under the command of Lt. Piri Necati Bey, under the direct supervision of Dr. Bahaeddin ^akir and sent in three convoys departing at two hour intervals. They are executed north of Bayburt, at Deyirmendere in Yanba_di and the gorges of Hus. Children from the ages of one to five are separated from the convoys by the sub-prefect, Nusret, and distributed among Turkish families. The young women are abducted by the officers and notables. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 367-369). 1915; May 27: The Istanbul press announces the promulgation of the “provisional law of deportation“. ** ( Osmanl1 Belgelerinde Ermeniler, 1995: 33-35; and Takvim-i Vekayi, No. 2189, June 1, 1915). 1915; May 28, kaza of Divrii: The inhabitants of the surrounding villages are first gathered at Divrii, where the men and youth from fourteen to eighteen years-of-age are separated from the others and imprisoned in a church before being executed. The remainder of the rural population is deported via Egin and Arapkir to Malatya and F1r1nc1lar. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 552). Copyright Â© Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Page 17/51 The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) 1915; May 30, Diyarbekir: Six hundred thirty six men are evacuated from the town's prison and are sent to the banks of the Tigris where they embark on 23 kelek (rafts). Dr. Re_id demands that his “aide-de-camp,“ Çerkez Yaver ^akir, accompany him with is Çerkez band. On June 9, the men debark and are directed to the village of Chekavtan/Çalikan, then escorted to the gorges of Rezvani, where their throats are slit or they are shot by members of the Feikhanolu clan and the bands of the governor's “aides-de camp“. ***(Lepsius (ed.), 1986: doc. 78:93; and Kévorkian, 2006: 442-443). 1915; May 30 and 31, kaza of Tercan/Mamahatun (province of Erzerum): The inhabitants of 41 Armenian villages of the kaza, which comprises some 11,690 individuals, are deported under the supervision of Halet Bey, the deputy of Kemah. The men are massacred on the spot, where some 25 km further south, at Got1r Köprü, their throats are slashed, they are skinned and thrown into the Euphrates by the S.O. squad by order of Gülo Aga. The other members of the convoy are eliminated in the gorges of Kemah. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 371). 1915; End of May, kaza of Pülumer/Polormor: The villagers of Perkri, Gersenoud, and Dantseg are massacred on the spot by a Special Organization squad. * (Kévorkian, 2006: 379). 1915; End of May - beginning of June, kaza of Kangal (province of S1vas): Adult males are arrested and executed by the men of head of the bandit squadron of S1vas, Kütükolu Hüseyin, who personally oversaw the execution of some 100 men at Dasl1 Dere. * (Kévorkian, 2006: 551). 1915; June 1, kaza of H1n1s/Khnous: The villagers of Karaçoban have their throats cut in the neighboring gorges of Ça. The town of Gövendug suffers a similar fate, on the same date, along with the villages of Burnaz/Purnaq (449 souls) and Karaköprü (1,161 individuals), which are victims of assaults at the hands of the S.O. thugs commanded by Hoca Hamdi Bey. Their population is liquidated by knives in an isolated spot. The inhabitants of the village of Haramig (898 individuals) resist 15 days of assaults by the bandit group led by the Kurdish chief, Feyzullah. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 371). 1915; June 1, kaza of Palu (province of Dyarbekir): Eight hundred Armenian soldiers-workers (originating from Egin and Arapkir) of the labor battalion based in Ho_mat, northern of Palu, and 400 based in Nirhi are tied-up and executed by knife by “butchers“ of the S.O. 1915; June 1, Egin/Agn (province of Mamuret ül-Aziz): Authorities arrest Armenian religious leaders and civilians of Agn, who are then drowned in the Euphrates (near Keban Maden) along with some 100 other Armenian detainees. ** (Agouni, 1921: 175). 1915; June 2, Istanbul: Deputies Krikor Zohrab and VartkÃ¨s Seringulian are arrested and deported to Syria. They are executed on July 19 by a member of the Special Organization, Çerkez Ahmed, on the road from Urfa to Diyarbekir. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 667-668). 1915; Beginning of June, kaza of Kiskim-Khodortçur (province of Erzerum): The first convoy of deportees, comprising 300 families of the villages of Khodortçur (around 3,740 people), and the second convoy of 200 families (around 1,500 individuals) mostly from Kudra_en and Kiskim, are dispatched and entirely liquidated between Kasaba and Erzincan by Special Organization squadrons. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 375). 1915; Beginning of June: The fifteen localities of the kaza of Kemah (province of Erzerum), comprising 6,396 individuals, are attacked by gangs of bandits commanded by Armedanl1 0smail, Erzincanl1 Kasab Memduh, Ziya Hasan Çavu_olu, and Boyal1 Sefer. The population is exterminated on the spot. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 378). Copyright Â© Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Page 18/51 The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) 1915; June 1 to 15, Diyarbekir: The men are systematically snatched and subsequently have their throats slashed in groups of 100-150 each day in the gardens of the gates of Mardin or on the Gözle road (currently Gözalan). A group of some 1,000 men appointed to public work projects or with the administration of military requisitions are also annihilated in a similar manner by the gangs of Governor Re_id. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 444). 1915; June 1-15, Palu (province of Diyarbekir): The males of Palu and 36 Armenian villages of the kaza, amounting to some 15,000 Armenians, are arrested and executed in the gorges of Kornakdere and at three slaughter-sites situated around the Palu bridge on the Euphrates, and then thrown into the river by bands of Kurdish chiefs and Special Organization members, Ha_1m, Teffür, 0brahim Tu_di, and Teyfe_ Beg, Zeynalzade Mustafa and his sons Hasan and Hüsni, Mahmud Çavu_, ^eyhzade Haf1z, Süleyman Bey, Said Bey, Kaz1m Ali Mustafa Aa, and Musrumli Karaman. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 453). 1915; June 3-5, Mardin: Gendarmes and Special Organization militias take control of all points of access to the town. Arrested and interned at the prefecture under the supervision of commissary Gevranl1zade Memduh are 1,062 notables of the town, clergy and laymen, mostly Armenians, including Mgr Ignace Maloyan, the primate of Armenian Catholics, and six priests. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 455). 1915; June 3: In the kaza of Refahiye/Gercani_ (province of Erzerum), the inhabitants of three Armenian villages in the district"Gercani_, Horopel, and Melik ^erif"around 1,570 people, are attached by bandit gangs and executed on the spot. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 378). 1915; June 4, Bayburt: The first caravan of deportees leaves Bayburt (province of Erzerum), and is followed by a second on June 8 and a third on June 14, 1915, together numbering some 3,000 people. At a point two hours from the town, the men are taken aside and eliminated. 2,833 infants from the kaza of Bayburt are drowned in the Euphrates in the midst of the gorges of Kemah. The remaining deportees follow the Erzincan route via the bridge at Kemah-Arapkir until they reach Gümü_maden, where Kurdish bands proceed with a systematic massacre of the survivors. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 369). 1915; June 4, Gölcük (sancak of Ergeni): One hundred thirty “militia soldiers“ coming from Harput and commanded by Müdir Begzade Ali carry out arrests of all males over the age of sixteen, who are then locked up in a stable, systematically tortured, and dispatched “to an unknown destination“. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 450). 1915; June 6-20, Harput, Hüseyinig, and Mezre (province of Mamuret ül-Aziz): Authorities carry out searches of all the homes and arrest several hundred men whose names were on pre-existing lists. *** (Jacobsen, 2001: 68-70 and Riggs, 1997 : 75) 1915; June 7, Egin/Agn (province of Mamuret ül-Aziz): Four hundred conscripts recruited among the male population between the ages of sixteen to eighteen and forty-six to sixtee are tied together in groups of five and thrown into the Euphrates at three different spots. ** (Agouni, 1921: 175) 1915; June 8, kaza of Kiskim-Khodortçur (province of Erzerum): The third convoy, made up of inhabitants of the villages of Garmirk (600 souls) and Hidgants, is dispatched and rejoins the second caravan of Erzerum, and the two suffer the same fate. After having passed through Bayburt, Erzincan, Kemah, Egin, Malatya, Arapkir, Samsad, Suruc, Raffa, Birecik, and Urfa, twenty survivors are counted at Aleppo on December 22, 1918. The fourth convoy, made up of villagers from Mokhrgud (350 people), Kotkan, Atik, Grman, Sunik, Gakhmukhud, Keud, Cicaroz/Cicaba, Gisag, Mitchin Ta, and Khantatsor, follow a route similar to that of the third caravan as far as Samsad, but are then decimated on the banks of the Euphrates between Gantata and Gavanlug by regular troops and bandits commanded by Samsadl1 Haci Copyright Â© Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Page 19/51 The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) ^eyh 0çko . ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 375) 1915; June 8, kaza of K1i (province of Erzerum): The order to deport the 19,859 inhabitants of the kaza is made public. From June 3 to 7, Armenian villages are searched by Special Organization bandits supervised by the sub-prefect, Laz Midhat Mehmed Bey, head of the local Special Organization branch. These operations, which were initially carried out in the villages of the district of K1i by the Special Organization result in some 1,500 victims. On June 7, the villages of Khups/Çanakç1 (1,216 individuals) resist the assault by a group of bandits. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 372). 1915; June 9, sancak of Siirt: At the initiative of Serfiçeli Hilmi Bey, mutessarif of Siirt, and Erzerumli Naz1m Hamdi Bey, Commander of the Gendarmerie, the Armenian Diocesan primate Yeghiche, the Chaldean bisho, Addai ^er, the Syrian abuna (primate) 0brahim and ten other notables are arrested and shot the following day, at a distance of half an hour from Siirt. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 415). 1915; June 10-11, Mardin: Some 100 bandits and gendarmes slash the throats of 400 notables of Mardin and Tel Armen at Ahraske, on the road from Diyarbekir, and at Ad1rsek, in the grottos of ^eyhan. Mgr Igace Maloyan is executed last by the commissary Memduh, near Karaköprü. *** (Ternon, 2002: 123, no. 20, 124-125, nos. 22-27, 126-127). 1915; June 10: Publication of a directive to set up local commissions charged with the “protection“ of the “abandoned properties“ of the deportees. *** (Askeri Tarih Belgeleri Dergisi, No. 81 [Dec. 1892], doc. 1832; and Dündar, 2006: 264). 1915; June 10, Gürün (province of S1vas): seventy-four notables of Gürün are massacred in the valley of Ula_, near the village of Karda_lar, under the command of Cendarme Ali Çavu_, by a dozen thugs in gendarmerie uniforms. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 553). 1915; June 10, Hac1n (province of Adana): The deportation of 5,000 Armenians begins under the supervision of Colonel Hüseyin Avni. The first convoy is made up of 150 families who are marched on foot towards Osmaniye and Aleppo via the Kiraz mountain road. The 5,000 Armenians of the neighboring kaza of Feke are deported a bit later. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 744). 1915; June 11, sancak of Malatya: One thousand two hundred soldier-workers from a labor battalion stationed at Çiftlik, between Malatya and Çolu, are executed near the village of Pirot by a gang of thugs based at Ta_p1nar. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 504). 1915; June 11, Mardin: Two hundred sixtee six men, 180 of whom are Armenians, are arrested at Mardin. On June 14, they are deported under the direction of Abdulkadir Bey, Commander of the Gendarmerie. Upon their arrival at the grottos of ^eyhan, these men are stripped and 84 of them are executed on June 15. *** (Ternon, 2002: 134-135). 1915; June 11, sancak of Siirt: Six hundred seventy men from Siirt are gathered at the barracks, arrested, and shot the following day, at a distance of half an hour from the town in the gorges of Vedi Ezzreb. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 415). 1915; June 11, kaza of K1i (province of Erzerum): The first convoy of deportees, made up of 1,200 people, leaves K1i, with their primate, Mgr Kegham Tivekelian. On June 13, the notables of the group, including the bishop, are separated from the convoy and shot near Tepe, at Deli Mizi on the Palu road. The other deportees are decimated a bit further south, in the middle of the Palu bridge on the Euphrates"another massacre site chosen by the S.O. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 372-373). Copyright Â© Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Page 20/51 The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) 1915; June 11, K1i: A second convoy of Armenians from the kaza of K1i made up of 2,000 villagers from fifteen localities in the western part of the district, 700 of whom are men, is dispatched. It arrives in the surroundings of Palu, at Dabalu, on June 15 under the direction of Mehmedzade Hilmi, where the people in the convoy are decimated the same day by S.O. thugs. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 373). 1915; June 12, K1i: A third convoy, made up of the inhabitants of K1i and its surrounding villages, is dispatched. A group of deportees is killed by bladed weapons the following morning by thugs. The young women are abducted. Members of the escort disembowel the women as they observed during the searches that some of them had swallowed their gold pieces. The escapees (around 15) rejoined at Palu on June 16 the remnants of the first two caravans, and together the group made their way south on the 18th day of the same month. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 373). 1915; June 13, K1i: A fourth convoy (the last of the town), comprised of civil servants and merchants, is dispatched directly to Harput under the command of the bandit chief Karaman Ulaszade Mustafa. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 373). 1915; June 13, sancak of Siirt: Eight thousand men of the Van Governor's (Cevdet Bey) “butcher battalion“ (kasab taburiler) arrive at Siirt. They proceed to take in the remaining men of older age for questioning, who subsequently have their throats slit in the main square over the course of the following days. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 415). 1915; June 13, sancak of Malatya: Two hundred fourteen soldier-workiers from a Malatya labor battalion are executed at Ta_ Tepe with axes and knives along with 74 others half an hour away at K1z1l Göl by a squadron of thugs based at Ta_p1nar. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 504). 1915; June 13, sancak of Kayseri: The arrests of Armenian notables of Talas begins. Soon afterwards, they are shot at Gemerek. ** (Barton, 1998: 121-2; and Kévorkian, 2006: 647). 1915; June 14: General Mahmud Kamil, Commander of the Third Army, orders the internment of the Armenian conscripts of the labor battalions of Erzincan in the town's barracks. Each day, they are bound together in small groups and brought toward the east to the bridge at Cerbeleg, where they are shot and thrown into ditches dug in advance. The conscripts of the region working in the labor battalions are massacred at two locations. Around 5,000 are assassinated on a plain located slightly to the east of Erzincan and thrown into mass graves. A second group of approximately the same size is destroyed in the gorges of Sansar, located about eight hours to the east of Erzincan near the Tercan kaza boundaries. Around 15,000 elderly individuals of the province are exterminated at the same site. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 378). 1915; June 14, kaza of Kangal (province of S1vas): Around 5,000 Armenians of the kaza are deported to the Syrian desert via Malatya, Ad1yaman, and Suruc, by order of kaymakam Muhammad Ali Bey. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 551). 1915; June 14, Amasya (province of S1vas): The systematic arrest of men, particularly artisans, begins on June 14 and climaxes with their execution on June 29, when they are taken out under the cover of night in four convoys, tied together in groups of four, and killed in the Amasya region. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 558). 1915; June 14-15, Mezreh (province of Mamuret ül-Aziz): Three thousand soldier-workers from the labor battalions of Hoe, Habusi, and A_emi, along with 500 artisans from Harput, are interned at the K1rm1z1 konak, outside of Mezreh. There, they are tortured and starved. On June 18, Çerkez Kaz1m, one of the Commanders of the Special Organization “militias“ accompanied by cavalrymen and two hundred infantrymen, transfers these soldier-workers to the south and has them assassinated the same day. *** Copyright Â© Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Page 21/51 The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) (Piranian, 1937: 98-99, 117-118; 133-139; 151-7; Riggs, 1997: 78; Atkinson, 2000: 38; and T.V. No. 3771, Jan. 13 1920: 48-49). 1915; June 14 to July 11, ^ebinkarahisar (province of S1vas): Soldiers and thugs encircle the bazaar and question 300 men, who are then executed in the cellars of the konak at dawn on July 15. A squadron of thugs commanded by Kel Hasan enters the lower quarters and carries out other arrests throughout the night. On July 17, 5,000 to 6,000 Armenians, three-quarters of them women and children, entrench themselves in the citadel. Around 500 fighters secure their self-defense. The first assault is launched on June 25 by army units that had come from Su_ehir. On July 4, a second offensive is initiated with the dispatch of 6,000 men from Erzincan, several irregular squadrons, and three regiments from S1vas, who are commanded by Ne_ed Pasha. On July 8, the last of the fighters attempt an escape, and on July 11"the 27th day of the siege"a white flag is hoisted up from the citadel. Those males over the age of fifteen are shot in the field and the remainder of the population is deported to Syria, via Egin and F1r1nc1lar. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 565-567). 1915; June 15-16, S1vas: Twelve political militants are hanged in public on June 15. On June 16, between 3,000 and 3,500 Armenians"secondary school teachers, members of the Diocesan Council, physicians, pharmacists, lawyers, architects, photographers, police commissaries, and civil servants"are arrested in their places of employment or residences and interned either at the main prison or in the cellars of the medreses of Sifahdiye and Gök. 1915; June 15: Twenty convicted Hentchakists are condemned to death for “high treason and separatism“ and are hanged in the court of the Minister of War on June 16 at 3:30 am. 1915; June 15, Merzifun (province of S1vas): One thousand two hundred men arrested during the past several days are eliminated in several groups. The first, made up of 300 young people, is escorted to Elek Deresi near the village of Tenik on the route from Çorum, under the direct supervision of Faik Bey, the kaymakam, and Mahir Bey, the Commander of the Gendarmerie; they are stripped and hacked to death with axes. In the following days the other prisoners suffer the same fate. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 559). 1915; June 15 to the end of September, Kayseri (province of Ankara): Eleven members of the local Armenian elite are hanged at the Kömür Bazaar's square on June 15. These executions are followed by 857 more of individuals condemned to death by the military tribunal at Kayseri. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 644). 1915; June 15-20, Ordu (province of Trabzon): In six days, 500 soldiers from the regular army take control of the Armenian quarters of Ordu and carry out the arrests of men, who are then interned in the prison at the barracks and then dispatched in groups of 80 to 100, bound in groups of four, and killed by having their throats slashed in the wooded valleys nearby. Twelve thousand people from Ordu and the Armenian villages of the kaza are deported to Mesudiye, then to Su_ehir, 30 km to the west of Sabinharahisar. It is in the vicinity of Su_ehir that a number of the deportees are massacred and several young girls and women are abducted. The elderly, the sick, and the infirm, who had been kept at the hospital, were officially sent by boat to Samsun. They were, in fact, drowned at sea. **(Kévorkian, 2006: 603-604). 1915; Mid-June: The villagers of the kaza of Ispir, which is made up of seventeen small villages and an Armenian population of 2,602 souls, are exterminated on site under the direct supervision of Dr. Bahaeddin ^akir and the gang leader, Oturakç1 ^evket. **(Kévorkian, 2006: 365). 1915; June 15-30: Diyarbekir. Each day, the colonel of the “militia“, Ya_1nzÃ¢de Sevk1, and the commander of the gendarmerie, Colonel Çerkez Rü_di, accompanied by their men, invade some one Copyright Â© Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Page 22/51 The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) hundred Christian homes in Diyarbekir. At a set hour, military requisition vehicles pass in front of the designated homes and see to it that these families are taken out of town. The first convoy, which is made up of 510 women and children, is annihilated at Dara. The corpses are stuffed into underground tanks. The following convoys are sent in two directions: to the south-west to Karabahçe, Siverek, and Urfa, and to the south to Mardin, Dara, Ras ul-Ayn, Nisibin, and Deir el-Zor. Along this second axis, a site located an hour from Diyarbekir near the village of Çar1kl1 at Kozandere becomes the main killing field where squadrons of local Kurdish and Special Organization irregulars are posted. Another killing field can be placed further east, between the villages of ^eytan Deresi and Kaynag, in the gorges of Bigutlan, which are run by members of the Kurdish tribe of Tirkan, where 24,000 deportees are exterminated. **(Kévorkian, 2006: 453). 1915; June 15 to 30 juin, kaza of Palou (province of Diyarbekir): Women and children from rural areas and Palou are put in the parc of the church of St-Gregory. Small children are separated from their mothers, put in barils and thrown in the Euphrates. At the beginning of July, survivors are deported via Maden, Severek, Urfa and Bilecik, to the Syrian Desert. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 453) 1915; June 15-30, Tokat, Amasya, Merzifun, Zile, Niksar, and Hereke (province of S1vas): In all these towns the Armenian males are arrested and almost immediately executed in their respective regions. ** (Kapigian, 1924: 86). 1915; June 15-29, province of S1vas: The inhabitants of spots along the main course of the Halys/K1z1l1rmak, from the kazas of Koçhisar and Koçkiri, are the first in their region to be deported to the Syrian desert. ** (Kapigian, 1924: 90-91; and Kévorkian, 2006: 542). 1915; The second half of June, Kirason/Giresun and the kaza of Tireboli and Gorele (province of Trabzon): The Armenian homes of Kirason are searched by security forces. The males between the ages of sixteen and fifty are questioned and imprisoned in the Mayor's compound. Around 150 notables are executed and then the order of deportation is handed down. Ar1f Bey, the kaymakam of Kirason, confirms that he has received the order from Governor Cemal Azmi to deport the Armenians of the region to Mosul “via the Black Sea,“ in other words, to have them drowned. The 3,000 Armenians of these cantons are deported in four convoys. The fourth, which is escorted by gendarmes under the direction of Commander Hasan Sabri, is made up of 1,200 people, 500 of which are male. These men are separated from the convoy in the middle of 0ki Su and massacred by 82 “gendarmes“ near Eyriboli. After twenty-eight days of walking and enduring numerous attacks en route, the convoy reaches Kuruçay and at Dmir Magara, situated a bit south of Divrii (dubbed by the local Armenian population as “the Armenian slaughterhouse“), and is only made up of no more than 40 survivors. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 605). 1915; June 16, kaza of Kii: The last convoy, made up of villagers from 35 localities including Temran, Oror, and Arek, is set en route. It is attacked and plundered for the first time at Sarp1çay (in the kaza of Akpunar) by Kurdish bands linked to the Special Organization. These deportees are parked at Dabalu near Palu, then hacked to death and thrown into the Euphrates from the middle of the bridge at Palu. Of a total of 19,859 deportees from this kaza, 3,000 arrive at Ras ul-Ayn. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 374). 1915; June 16, Erzerum: The first convoy of deportees, made up of the most influential Armenian families, leaves Erzerum under the orders of the gendarmerie captain, Nusret, towards the south-west in the direction of K1i and Palu. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 359-360; and Kaiser, 2002, 139). 1915; June 16: Six hundred Jacobites and Syrian Catholics from Mansuriye (sancak of Mardin) are executed on the spot. ** (Ternon, 2002: 161-166). Copyright Â© Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Page 23/51 The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) 1915; June 17, Tokat (province of S1vas): 1,400 men from Tokat, bound together in groups of ten, are escorted in four convoys outside the town in the valleys of Ardova, Gazova, and Bizeri, and then executed *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 556). 1915; June 17, Sis (kaza of Kozan, province of Adana): The official order to deport the Armenians, personally confirmed by the Minister of the Interior, reaches the prefecture of Sis. Sixteen thousand Armenians from the town and its surrounding kazas, especially Karsbazar, are deported to Osmaniye and Aleppo under the supervision of Colonel Hüseyin Avni. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 744-745). 1915; June 18, Tokat (province of S1vas): Seventeen clergymen, including the auxiliary bishop Nerses Mgrditchian and Father Andon Seraydarian, are assassinated in the citadel at Tokat. Over the next ten days, males between the ages of fourteen and twenty are executed. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 556). 1915; June 18: The second convoy of deportees from Erzerum is set off in the direction of Bayburt. This convoy is made up of 1,300 middle-class families, who are joined en route by 370 families of the town of Garmirk (kaza of Kiskim), for a total of approximately 10,000 people. They are escorted by gendarmes commanded by captains Muçta and Nuri and supervised by two leaders of the Special Organization, the kaymakam of Kemah and Kozukçiolu Münir. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 362-363). 1915; June 18: The Fifth Expeditionary Corps commanded by Halil Bey Kut, along with 8,000 men from the “butcher battalions“ (kasab taburlar1) run by the Van Governor, Cevdet Bey, and Ömer Naci, form “Red Head-Quarter“ accomplish the extermination or the deportation of Armenians and 5,000 Assyrians and Chaldeans from the sancak of Siirt. ** (Rafael de Nogales, 1926: 123-124). 1915; June 19, kaza of Arapkir: One hundred thirty notables of Arapkir are drowned in the Euphrates by Special Organization bands. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 495). 1915; June 19, kaza of Çemi_gezek (province of Mamuret ül-Aziz): Searches begin in the 21 Armenian villages of the kaza, particularly at Garmrig. More than 200 men are imprisoned on July 3 and 4 and are executed in the course of the following days by gendarmes and Special Organization bands. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 518). 1915; June 19-22, plain of Harput: One thousand Armenians from places around the plain and from Mezreh and Harput are arrested in their homes and interned at the K1rm1z1 Konak of Mezreh. On June 23, 900 of them are dispatched and shot the day after at the foot of Mount Heroli by Special Organization bands commanded by Çerkez Kaz1m.***(Piranian, 1937: 156-1157, 167-77; Atkinson, 2000: 38; and Davis, 1994: 123). 1915; June 20: The men from the first convoy from Erzerum are assassinated and many of the women are kidnapped near the village of Ço by Kurdish irregulars directed by two S.O. leaders, Ziya Beg of Ba_köy, and Ad1l Bey (his real name being Ad1l Güzelzade ^erif). *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 360-361). 1915; June 20: Twelve thousand women and children are executed between Diyarbekir and Mardin under the direct supervision of Commissary Memduh Bey, the head of S.O. operations in the province of Diyarbekir. *** (Simon, s.d.: 56 and 85). 1915; June 20, kaza of Koçhisar (province of S1vas): Two thousand men, including all of the parish priests in the kaza, are interned in the prison at Koçhisar and executed before the deportations. Each night, these males are taken outside the town in groups of 100 and executed in the gorges of Seyfe or in the middle of the bridge of Boaz under the direction of the S.O. gang leaders Kütükolu Hüseyin and Zaral1 Mahir. The Copyright Â© Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Page 24/51 The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) first convoy, which is made up of villagers, leaves around June 20. It is followed by a caravan comprised of the inhabitants of Koçhisar, 500 of whom are male. After an initial attack by Circassians of Ku_tepe, this convoy reaches the village of Ula_, where it is grouped together with another caravan made up of 1,000 women and 200 men from the rest of the kaza. Two days later the group arrives at Hasançelebi, where 200 adolescents are separated from the convoy and executed. The following day, at Hekimhan, the elderly men are extracted from the convoy and massacred. Several dozen women from Koçhisar arrived in Hama, in Syria, in the fall of 1915. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 548-549). 1915; Between June 20 and 29, kaza of Koçgiri/Zara: Around 7,000 Armenians of the kaza are deported to Divrii, then Harput, Siverek, Urfa, Viranh_ehir, and Rakka. **(Kévorkian, 2006: 549). 1915; June 20-30, kaza of Derik (province of Diyarbekir): The President of the military tribunal of Diyarbekir, Tevfik Bey, carries out the elimination of the men, in small groups, and then has the women and children deported. They are massacred near the town by bands of the S.O. On June 27, the religious leaders from different confessions are hung in public. ** (Armalto, 1970: 345; Rhétoré, ms. 43; and Ternon, 2002: 100-101). 1915; June 21: The general order to deport all Armenians without exception is transmitted to all the provinces by the Minister of the Interior, Talat. ** (Dündar, 2006: 265-66). 1915; June 21: Midyat (sancak of Mardin). The Christian homes of Midyat are searched. Around 100 men are arrested and executed outside the town, around the Well of Sayta. **(Kévorkian, 2006: 459). 1915; June 21, kaza of Arapkir (province of Mamuret ül-Aziz): Three hundred men from Arapkir are drowned in the Euphrates by S.O. gangs. ** (Kévorkian, 2006:495). 1915; June 21, Merzifun (province of S1vas): Around 9,000 Armenians of Merzifun are set en route to the Syrian Desert via Hasançelebi, F1r1nc1lar, Suruc, and Arapbunar, and then Bab and Aleppo, where some 20 men and less than 100 women and children arrive. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 559). 1915; Summer, Istanbul: Around 30,000 Armenians of the Capital, mostly bachelors and people originally from the provinces, are deported in small groups to Syria. ** (Lepsius, 1986: 185). 1915; June 22, Gürün (province of S1vas): Some 20 men from Gürün are executed on the route from Elbistan by Tütünci Hüseyin Çavu_ and his irregulars. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 553). 1915; June 22-24, Trabzon: Dr. Bahaeddin ^akir, the President of the Special Organization, begins a visit to Trabzon on June 22. On June 24, 42 Armenian notables"political figures, key businessmen, and teachers"are arrested and dispatched by boat the following morning. They are drowned in the open sea of Platana by gangs commanded by Tekkeli Ne_ad. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 586). 1915; June 23-24, kaza of Arapkir: Two groups of 250 men from Arapkir are drowned in the Euphrates by S.O. gangs. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 495). 1915; June 23, S1vas: A second wave of questioning is launched in S1vas. A thousand men are interned in the main prison and in the cellars of the medrese. *** (Kapigian, 1924: 85). 1915; June 23, Binga (province of S1vas): Around 1,000 Armenians of Binga are deported in a convoy to Arapkir, then to the Syrian desert. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 552). Copyright Â© Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Page 25/51 The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) 1915; June 24 and 25, Harput and Mezreh (province of Mamuret ül-Aziz): Police carry out the arrest of all men; they are subsequently assassinated in the outskirts of Harput, mostly at Gügen Boazi, a gorge situated near Maden. *** (Riggs, 1997: 77-78; Piranian, 1937: 179-182; and Kévorkian, 2006: 477). 1915; June 25, Bitlis: Cevdet and his 8,000 “human butchers“ begin to round up the males of Bitlis. Seven hundred men are executed at a spot six miles from the town; boys from the ages of seven are burned alive at the outskirts of Bitlis in the presence of Governor Mustafa Abdülhalik. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 417). 1915; June 27, Gürün (province of S1vas): Forty notables of the sub-prefect are executed near Çalikolu by S.O. bands. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 554). 1915; June 27, Harput plain: The Minister of the Interior orders Sabit Bey, governor of Mamuret ül-Aziz, to make the necessary arrangements to have the Muslim emigrants (muhacir) settle in the “evacuated“ Armenian villages. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 479). June 27, 1915, Red Konak of Mezreh: Five hundred detainees, who had been arrested over the course of the preceding days, leave for “Urfa,“ but are assassinated at Gölcük by S.O. bands. ** (Piranian, 1937: 185; and Kévorkian, 2006: 478). 1915; June 29: The third caravan of deportees from Erzerum is put en route to Bayburt and Erzincan. It is made up of between 7,000 and 8,000 people, including 500 families from the Khodortçur district. At 0çkale, a walking distance of ten hours from the town, 300 men are shot. A bit further, the surviving men suffer the same fate in the gorges of Kemah. It is in the gorges of Kahta, however, that the majority of the people in the convoy have their throats slit a few weeks later. Sever dozen escapees reach Mosul, in Mesopotamia. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 364-365). 1915; June 29 and 30, Bitlis and surrounding areas: Eight thousand women and children are expelled from their homes, settled in the court of the cathedral and several houses, and then escorted to the south of Bitlis to the Arabi bridge by Cevdet Bey's gangs. Around 2,000 people are abducted from there, and the others are deported to the south via Siirt. Some 15,000 Armenians from the sancak of Bitlis are estimated to have been executed on the spot. ** (Rafael de Nogales, 1926: 133; and Kévorkian, 2006: 417-418). 1915; End of June: The second caravan from Erzerum reaches the killing field in the gorges of Kemah, at the middle of the bridge that spans the Euphrates. Squadrons of bandits commanded by Oturakç1 ^evket and Hurukçizade Vehib screen the deportees. Eight to nine-hundred men are separated from the convoy and killed by the S.O. thugs commanded by Çeteba_1 Cafer Mustafa on July 18. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 363-364). 1915; End of June, kaza of Yeni Han: After the execution of the men at a location called Masadler Yeri near Yeni Han, around 1,500 people are deported to Syria. * (Kévorkian, 2006: 549). 1915; End of June, sancak of Mardin: The Jacobite and Syrian Catholic inhabitants of K1rbüran, along with the Chaldeans of K1rjaus, Bat1, Killet, and Hisn Kayfa, are massacred on the spot or flee to the Tur Abdin mountains. ** (Ternon, 2002: 175-176; and Armalto, 1970: 413). 1915; End of June, sancak of Mardin: All the men of Savur"Armenians and Jacobites having been lumped together without distinction"are arrested and executed at the outskirts of the town. The women and children are deported on a convoy to Karabhond, past Nisibin, where they are killed and hurled into huge pits. ** (Ternon, 2002: 175-176; and Armalto, 1970: 413). Copyright Â© Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Page 26/51 The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) 1915; End of June, Gürün (province of S1vas): Boys between the ages of ten and fourteen are questioned in Gürün. Kasap Osman, one of the Special Organization's killers, sends a group of 120 boys to the Saçc1az valley, to a Turkish village two hours away from Gürün, where their throats are slit. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 553). 1915; End of June, Tokat (province of S1vas): The remaining population, around 9,000 people, is grouped by age and deported accordingly. The Azar han serves as the -provisional detention center for mature women, who are questioned by police en route, followed by young women, and then the last Armenians who take the S1vas route (via Çiftlik-Yeni Han) to Sark1_la/Mara_, or more frequently to Kangal/Malatya. The operations are overseen by Special Organization bands, notably Salhi Aa (the local butcher), Çerkez Mirza Bey, Çerkez Osman Bey, Çerkez Mahmud Bey, and Çerkez Elmal1zade Haci Effendi. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 556). 1915; End of June, kaza of Niksar (province of S1vas): The execution of men and the deportation of the remaining population"some 3,500 people"take place at the end of the month under the direction of the kaymakam, Rahmi Bey. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 556-557). 1915; End of June, kaza of Erbaa (province of S1vas): Nearly 7,000 Armenians are executed on the spot (men), or are deported (women and children) along the S1vas-Kangal-Hasançelebi-F1r1nc1lar axis. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 557). 1915; End of June, kaza of Zile (province of S1vas): Violence hits more than 4,000 Armenians. The men are arrested and escorted through the marshes of Lake Gaz and executed. The women and children are deported through the S1vas- Kangal-Hasançelebi-F1r1nc1lar route. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 557). 1915; End of June, kaza of Mehsudiye (province of S1vas): The 600 Armenians of the kaza are deported to the Syrian Desert by the kaymakam, Nafi Bey. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 567). 1915; July: The second caravan from Erzerum reaches the plain of F1r1nc1lar, to the south of Malatya"one of the main killing fields employed by the Te_kilat-1 Mahsusa, which is supervised by the deputy from Dersim, Haci Baloszade Mehmed Nuri, and his brother, Ali Pasha, who are under order from two Kurdish chiefs from the Re_van tribe, Zeynal Bey and Haci Bedri Agha, along with Bitlisi Emin, a retired Gendarmerie Commander. Three thousand six hundred deportees are executed there at the knife, 2,115 of which are men. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 363). 1915; July, sancak of Ergeni: Around 12,000 Armenians from Ergeni Maden, Çermik, and Çenku_ (province of Diyarbekir) are deported in several convoys, then executed and thrown into the chasms of Yudan Dere. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 451-452). 1915; Beginning of July, kaza of Sark1_la: The kaymakam, Cemil Bey, first organizes the arrest of 400 villagers, who are eliminated on the spot each night in groups of 20. The deportation of some 20,000 Armenians commences in the beginning of July. The convoy follows the usual route via Alacahan, where the men are separated and massacred, then Kötü Han, where the bands of Emirpa_aolu Hamid Bey await. In the numerous stopping points along the way"Hasançelebi, Hakimhan, Hasanbadrik, K1rk Göz, and F1r1nc1lar"almost all of the remaining men are eliminated. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 549-550). 1915; Beginning of July, kazas of Bünyan and Aziziye: Some 6,000 people are deported via the Gürün route to Akda, then to F1r1nc1lar, by the head of the CUP at Aziziye, Havasolu, Haci Hüseyin, who is supported by the kaymakam, Hamid Nuri Bey and the sub-prefect of Bünyan, Nabi Bey. **(Kévorkian, 2006: 550). Copyright Â© Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Page 27/51 The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) 1915; Beginning of July, kaza of Gürün (province of S1vas): Under the supervision of Küçükzade Bahri, a local Young-Turk leader, Kat1rc1 Nuri Effeni, the inspector of convoys, and Deli Bekir Mustafa, over 10,000 Armenians of the kaza are deported in two convoys: the first travels via Albistan, Kanl1 Dere, Kani Da, Ayranbunar, Sa1n Boaz, Aziziye, Göbe Yören, and F1r1nc1lar, then Ayntab, Mara_, Urfa, and Karab1y1k to Der el-Zor; and the second follows the same route, but is instead directed to Hama, Homs, and Hauran. It is near Mara_ that a number of deportees from Gürün are massacred. **(Kévorkian, 2006: 554). 1915; Beginning of July, Vezirköprü (province of S1vas): The kaymakam, Bekir Bey, organizes the elimination of 1,612 Armenians of his sub-prefecture"the execution of men, and then the deportation of the rest of the population via Havza, Amasya, and Tokat, to S1vas and Malatya. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 562). 1915; Beginning of July, Gümü_haciköy (province of S1vas): The kaymakam, 0brahim Niyazi Bey, supervises the removal of the 4,000 Armenians of his kaza, via Havza, Amasya, and Tokat, to S1vas and Malatya. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 562). 1915; Beginning of July, Çorum (province of Ankara): Three thousand Armenians of Çorum are deported in a convoy to the Syrian Desert via Boazliyan and Bozant1. **(Kévorkian, 2006: 640). 1915; Beginning of July, Derevank (sancak of Kayseri): The male population is systematically arrested at Derevank and in all the Armenian villages in the valley, and are then executed. **(Kévorkian, 2006: 647). 1915; July 1, Tel Arman (sancak of Mardin): Males from the ages of ten to seventy are arrested beginning on June 18 by order of müdir H1d1rolu Dervi_. They are first kept in Armenian churches and then escorted, beginning on July 1, via the Güliye Ksor route and are killed by Kurds from these regions. Women and children are killed in the second church and in surrounding fields. ***(Ternon, 2002: 158-161; and Simon, s.d., 49-50). 1915; July 1, Divrii (province of S1vas): The Armenian quarters of Divrii are surrounded by regular troops, who carry out the expulsion of the inhabitants, who are gathered near the southwest exit from the town, where they are put en route for Arapkir. Young women and girls are taken for the harems of local notables. The convoy is pillaged shortly after its departure near Sar1 Çiçek by Kurdish villagers from nearby areas. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 564). 1915; July 1, Mezreh: The first convoy, made up of inhabitants of three Mezreh neighborhoods (Devri_, Nayil Be, and Market)"around 2,500 people"are escorted by infantry soldiers and mounted gendarmes, commanded by the captain Adam Pasha, and dispatched to Diyarbekir. Shortly after leaving Mezreh, all of the males are separated from the rest of the group and eliminated. The survivors reach Ras ul-Ayn fifteen days later and a handful reach the Der el-Zor area after two weeks. *** (Davis, 1994: 41-43; Piranian, 1937: 215-219; and Kévorkian, 2006: 482-483). 1915; July 1 and 2, sancak of Malatya: Four hundred eighty Armenians detained in the Malatya prison are executed near the town, at 0ndere, by a gang squad based at Ta_p1nar. **(Kévorkian, 2006: 505). 1915; July 1 to 3, Trabzon: Fifteen thousand Armenians from the town and surrounding villages are deported in three convoys from Deyirmen Dere, a place ten minutes from the town, where they are dispatched towards Gümü_hane. In sum, 6,000 people leave the town between July 1 and 3. Some of the men are separated from their convoy near Gümü_hane and are executed a half-hour's distance away by a band of thugs commanded by Mirza Effendi; the others are eliminated at F1r1nc1lar, in the gorges of Kanl1 Dere, where Kurdish chiefs Zeynal Bey and Haci Bedir Aa are in charge. It is near the Gölcük lake that Copyright Â© Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Page 28/51 The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) most of the deportees from Trabzon are executed. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 598-600). 1915; July 1 to 5, Egin/Agn (province of Mamuret ul-Aziz): The women, children, and elderly of Egin and 25 of its sub-districts"some 13,000 people"are deported in three convoys to Malatya until they reach the killing field of F1r1nc1lar, where a good portion of the group is exterminated in the gorges of Kahta. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 500-501). 1915; July 2: The second convoy from Mezreh, comprised of inhabitants of the Karaçöl neighborhoods of 0cadiye and Ambar"nearly 3,000 people"is dispatched to Malatya, where the men are separated from the convoy and executed. After passing through Urfa, the surviving deportees arrive in the Syrian Desert, at Der el-Zor, several weeks later. **(Piranian, 1937: 222-227). 1915; July 2, Mardin: Six hundred men are escorted beyond the walls of the city and are summarily executed. *** (Ternon, 2002: 138). 1915; July 2, province of Bitlis: The 2,598 Armenians from the village of Khoultig, located two hours to the southeast of Bitlis, are attacked by some 100 soldiers and Kurdish militiamen. They are packed together and burned alive by Humasl1 Farso and his men. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 421-422). 1915; July 2, Çemi_gezek (province of Mamuret ul-Aziz): A convoy of 1,000 deportees from Çemi_gezek is dispatched to Arapkir. One hundred fifty people arrive alive in Aleppo two months later. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 517-518). 1915; July 3, sancak of Mardin: Three thousand Jacobites and Catholics from Güliye Ksor are executed on the spot by S.O. squads. *** (Ternon, 2002: 161-166). 1915; July 3-7, Amasya (province of S1vas): Around 12,000 people are deported in five convoys. After they reach Kangal, the convoys from Amasya see all their males over the ages of eight year executed at Sark1_la around July 15 by Turkish villagers and Çerkez commanded by Halil Bey, the Commander of the bandit squadrons of the province of S1vas. The remainders are then sent in the direction of Hasançelebi and F1r1nc1lar, where the first convoy arrives on September 7, and then Suruc, Arapbunar, Bab, Aleppo, Meskene, and Der el-Zor. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 567). 1915; July 4, province of Mamuret ül-Aziz: The Armenian population of Hüseyinig is deported in one convoy via Malatya. ** (Piranian, 1937: 222-227; and Atkinson, 2000: 40). 1915; July 5, province of Mamuret ül-Aziz: Eight hundred men from Harput and Mezreh are executed in a gorge near Hanköy by a band of thugs who had accompanied them to their destination. ** (Atkinson: 2000: 40; Riggs, 1997: 103; and Jacobsen, 2001: 73). 1915; July 5, Arapkir (village of Mamuret ül-Aziz): Seven thousand Armenians from Arapkir, 250 of which are men, are deported on a convoy to Urfa. The men are separated from the group a week later at the K1rk Göz Bridge (“The Forty Arches“), situated on the Tohma Çay, an affluent of the right bank of the Euphrates, and there they are shot. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 496-497). 1915; July 5, Trabzon: Armenian Catholics and Protestants"including children and pregnant women"are deported in the last convoy leaves Trabzon. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 599). 1915; July 5-18, S1vas: Five thousand eight hundred fifty Armenian families from S1vas are deported in fourteen convoys, one departing daily, between Monday July 5 and Sunday July 18, with an average of 400 Copyright Â© Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Page 29/51 The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) families per caravan. The deportations follow the route from S1vas through Tecirhan, Magara, Kangal, Alacahan, Kötühan, Hasançelebi, Hekimhan, Hasanbadri, Aruzi Yaz1, the K1rk Göz bridge, F1r1nc1lar, Zeyda, and Gergerda (the mountains of Kanl1 Dere, where Kurdish chiefs, Zeynal Bey and Haci Badri Aa, of the Re_van tribe are in charge), before being directed to Ad1yaman, Samsat, then crossing the Euphrates River at Gözen, and then following the route through Suruç, Urfa, Viran_ehir, Ras ul-Ayn, and passing either through Mosul or Bab and Mumbuc to arrive at Aleppo. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 544). 1915; July 7: The IskÃ¢n-1 A_Ã¢yirîn ve MuhÃ¢cirîn Müdîriyeti (IAMM, Directorate for the Installation of the Tribes and Migrants) extends the zones designated for “receiving“ the deportees from “parts south and west of the Mosul province“ to locales in the sancak of Kirkuk “moved from at least 80 kilometers from the Iranian frontier; the regions in the south and west of the sancak of Zor are located at least 25 kilometers from the limits of the Diyarbekir province and comprise the villages of the Euphrates basin and the Kabur; all the villages and towns of the western part of the province of Aleppo, along with the southern and eastern regions, with the exception of the northern zone of Syria; the sancaks of Hauran and Kerek, with the exception of the territories located at least 25 km from the rail line. These are the regions where the Armenians must be dispersed and settled so that they form 10% of the population among the majority Muslim population“. ** (T.C. Ba_bakanl1k Osmanl1 Ar_ivi, 22 Sh 1333, IAMM, circular from Ali Münif, Sf 54/315, doc. no. 63). 1915; July 7-8, kazas of Yarpuz, Islahiye, Bahçe, and Osmaniye (sancak of Cebelbereket, province of Adana): Around 20,000 Armenians from these cantons are deported to the Syrian Desert. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 745-746). 1915; July 8, Mezreh (province of Mamuret ul-Aziz): Individuals previously exempted from deportation, i.e., the elderly, are deported in a convoy. ** (Jacobsen, 2001: 76-77). 1915; July 8-14: The expeditionary corps of Halil Kut arrives in the plains of Mu_ and takes control of all lines of communication. The 103 Armenian villages, comprising around 75,000 individuals, are systematically surrounded by bandits, who first round up the men, bind them in groups of ten to fifteen, and escort them out of their villages and execute them in orchards or on nearby roads. Women and children are locked up in barns doused with kerosene and are burned alive. Some 20,000 people flee to the Sasun mountains. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 422-423). 1915; July 9: The first convoy of deportees from Gölcük (province of Diyarbekir) is dispatched and its members are executed at Gapan. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 450-451). 1915; July 10: The second convoy of deportees from Gölcük suffers the same fate as the first convoy. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 450-451). 1915; July 10: The mutessarif of Mu_, Servet Bey, has 300 soldier-workers, who are part of a labor battalion, executed on the road to Çabaçur (sancak of Genc). Another battalion of soldier-workers made up of 700 men is remanded to the commissary, Kaz1m, who sends them to Garmir, where they are shot. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 423).

H.E · 17 yıl önce

1915; July 10: Mahmud Kamil, the Commander of the Third Army Corps, addresses a coded telegram from his headquarters in Tortum to the Governors of S1vas, Trabzon, Van, Mamuret ul-Aziz, Diyarbekir, and Bitlis ordering the condemnation to death of “certain elements of the Muslim population who are harboring Armenians in their homes“ and “to see to it that any Armenian who has not already been deported no longer remains [...]. Armenian converts [to Islam] are also to be sent away“. **(T.V., No. 3540, certified doc., date of which converts to February 23, 1919, Minister of the Interior, Directorate of Copyright Â© Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Page 30/51 The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) General Security). 1915; July 10, Harput (province of Mamuret ul-Aziz): The first convoy, made up of fifty families from the “lower quarter“ (Vari Tagh), is dispatched and escorted by “Kurds and gendarmes“. ** (Atkinson, 2000: 46; and Jacobsen, 2001: 76-77). 1915; July 10, kaza of Çemi_gezek (province of Mamuret ul-Aziz): The population of the 21 Armenian villages of the kaza"some 3,000 individuals"is dispatched in a convoy from Arapkir to Urfa and Aleppo. Around 15% reaches its destination. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 518). 1915; July 10, Samsun (province of Trabzon): Male Armenians are arrested and massacred by peasants in the areas around the prefecture. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 608). 1915; July 10-20, kazas of Samsun, Bafra, and Çar_amba (sancak of Can1k): Around 30,000 Armenians are deported to Amasya, after which the men are separated, bound, and sent to Tokan, then Çiftlik or Gisgisa, where they are massacred. The women and children pass through Sark1_la, then S1vas, followed by Malatya, near which they are thrown into the K1rk Göz, a tributary of the Euphrates. The 2,000 Armenians of the neighboring kaza of Bafra suffer the same fate, as do the 15,000 Armenians of the kaza of Çar_amba. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 608-612). 1915; July 11, Dara (sancak of Mardin): Seven thousand deportees from Erzerum are executed and thrown into the huge Byzantine cisterns of the town by men from the Sixth Army Corps commanded by general Ali 0hsan Pasha. ** (Simon, n.d.: 86). 1915; July 12, Mush/Mu_: The vicar, Vartan, and about 100 other personalities of Mu_ are arrested, escorted to Khaskiugh, and shot. The Armenian quarters of the lower part of the town, Chikrashen and Prudi, are bombarded, and then invaded by army units and bandit squads linked to the S.O. Three thousand people are escorted to the village of Arinchvank, located a few kilometers to the northeast of the town, where they are separated into two groups: the men are shot in the town's orchards and the women and children are burned alive in the barns. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 423-424). 1915; July 15-20, kaza of Terme, Uniye, and Fatsa (sancak of Can1k): Twenty-five notables of Uniye and its surrounding areas are arrested and shot. The 12,000 Armenians of these regions are deported in four convoys in the same manner as the Armenians deported from Samsun. Around 300 men are able to take refuge in the foothills of the Chain Ponticus (Kévorkian, 2006: 621-613). 1915; July 15-20, Ankara: After having Hasan Mazhar dismissed, the interim Governor, At1f Bey, a member of the Young Turk Central Committee, has 1,200 non-Catholic Armenian notables of Ankara arrested. On August 14, around midnight, several hundred Armenians are escorted by the police and the Gendarmerie, bound in pairs, to the outskirts of the town. The escorts turn them over to the bandits, who are waiting for them in an isolated spot. These recruits of the Special Organization are the butchers and tanners of Ankara, who are “specially remunerated“ for executing these men with the help of villagers from nearby areas (Kévorkian, 2006: 621). 1915; July 15-30, Kayseri: The arrests of men over the age of fourteen becomes systematic. They are sent out of town each night and executed under the supervision of the captain of the gendarmerie and the head of the bandits of Kayseri S.O., Gübgüzade Sureya Bey. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 645). 1915; Mid-July to August 7, kaza of Boazliyan (sancak of Yozgat): The 48 Armenian villages of the sancak"some 40,000 souls"are emptied of their males, then of their women and children, under the direct Copyright Â© Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Page 31/51 The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) supervision of Kemal Bey, the interim prefect. The latter sets up a huge killing field near the village of Keller, where these Armenians die at the knife at the hands of S.O. bandit squads directed by Major Tevfik. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 628-629). 1915; Mid-July, kaza of Akdamaden (sancak of Yozgat): Three thousand Armenians of the kaza are executed on the spot by S.O. thugs who had come from Ankara under the command of Major Tevfik. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 640). 1915; July 16, transit camp at F1r1nc1lar (sancak of Malatya): Girls under the age of fifteen and boys under the age of ten are removed from the convoys of deportees passing through F1r1nc1lar to be officially housed in orphanages specially established for them at Malatya. Several thousand of them are drowned in the Euphrates some days later. 1915; July 17, Mardin: The first convoy, made up of 250 members of Mardin's most influential Armenian families, is dispatched, escorted by gendarmes under the command of Çerkez ^akir. They are executed by knife or gun at 0mam Abdul, near Tel Armen, by men linked to the president of the military tribunal of Diyarbekir, Tevfik Bey. ***(Ternon, 2002: 139-144). 1915; July 17-18, Mush/Mu_: Five thousand inhabitants of the higher quarters are escorted to Komer, Khaskiugh, Norshen, Arinchvank, and Alizrnan, stuffed into barns, and burned alive. Around 10,000 women and children from the villages on the Mu_ plain"Sorader, Pazu, Hasanova, Salehan, Gvars, Meghd, Baghlu, Uruc, Ziyaret, Khebian, Dom, Hergerd, Norag, Aladin, Goms, Khachaldukh, Sulukh, Khoronk, Kartsor, K1z1l, Agadj, Kömer, ^eyhlan, Avazaghpiur, Plel, and Kurdmeydan"are deported towards the west through the valley of the Euphrates (Murat Su), under the guard of Kurds. Many are massacred in the gorges of Murat Su, which opens to the west of Genc, by bands of Kurds who had come from Jabahçur. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 424). 1915; July 18, mountains of Sasun: The ^eg, Beder, Bozek, and Calal tribes take position in the east; the Kurds of Kulp, directed by Hüseyin and Hasan Beys, along with Kurds of Genc and Lice, invade the west; Khati Bey of Miyafarkin along with the Khiyank, Badikan, and Bagiran tribes penetrate the south while forces of the regular army undertake the liquidation of Sasun from the north. Several tens of thousands of Armenians take refuge there and organize a resistance. On August 2, the defenders of a smaller part of the population attempt an escape through the north. The majority of them are exterminated on the spot, particularly in the valley of Gor_ik, after the last of them engage in man-to-man combat on August 5. 1915; July 18: The fourth convoy from Erzerum, comprised of 7,000 to 8,000 deportees, most of whom are workers in military factories, the families of soldiers, military physicians, pharmacists, and the primate of the Diocese, Mgr Smpat Saadetian, are set en route to Bayburt. The Special Organization networks then take charge: men go to Kemah and women and children go to Harput. Around 300 escapees, two of whom are men disguised as women, reach Cizre, and then Mosul. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 365). 1915; July 18, Harput (province of Mamuret ul-Aziz): The second convoy from Harput, made up of some 3,000 people, is set en route to Urfa. Eight days later, at a point some three hours from Malatya at a place called Çiftlik, the males over the age of twelve are extracted from the convoy and executed in the barracks. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 484). 1915; July 18, Çank1r1 (province of Kastamonu): Fifty-six members of the Armenian elite interned at Çank1r1 since April 1915 are deported. They remain interned in to the prison of Ankara from August 20 to 24 and on the evening of the 24th all of them are dispatched and executed a few days later near Yozgat. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 663). Copyright Â© Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Page 32/51 The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) 1915; July 18, mutessarifat of 0zmit: The order to deport Armenians from the 42 localities of the sancak is signed by the Minister of the Interior. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 688). 1915; July 18-19, Arslanbeg (mutessarifat of 0zmit): The Armenian village is surrounded by 200 soldiers and gendarmes under the direction of a Commander of the Gendarmerie, 0brahim Bey. The following morning the deportations begin while the village is pillaged by Çerkez thugs linked to the Special Organization. Over 2,000 people are deported via Eski_ehir, Konya, and Bozant1, and are then dispersed to Rakka, Meskene, Der el-Zor, Mosul, or Baghdad. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 690). 1915; July 22, province of Bursa: A cadre of the General Security, Mehmedce Bey, accompanied by Special Organization thugs, has 400 Armenian notables of Bursa, who had until then been interned at Orhaneli in the gorges of Karanl1k Dere, shot and burned. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 695). 1915; July 27, Mardin: The fourth convoy of men, made up of some 300 people, leaves Mardin. Its members are executed and thrown into the underground cisterns of Dara. The Armenian conscripts"50 of them"are massacred later in small groups on the route to Nüsaybin behind the Mardin citadel on August 12, and 12 others at the foot of the Mar Mikail convent on August 24. Seventeen masons working on the construction of the el-Sahiya mosque's minaret are not executed until October, 1915. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 458). 1915; July 28, Harput (province of Mamuret ul-Aziz): The third and last convoy from Harput carries the elderly, young women, some children, and the blind who had been taken care of until then. **(Jacobsen, 2001: 82-83; and Davis, 1994: 53). 1915; July 28, kaza of Hüsni Mansur: After the arrest and elimination of the men over the course of the months of June and July, the women, children, and elderly are deported in a convoy to Urfa. Two hundred boys and elderly men are executed in the gorges of Karayar1k. **(Kévorkian, 2006: 509). 1915; July 29, Antep/Ayntab (province of Aleppo): The deportation order from Istanbul is examined by the local Young Turk Committee, which undertakes the task of putting up a list of the first Armenians to be deported. The first convoy, comprised mainly of notables, is set out on July 30. The 36,000 Armenians of Antep are deported in groups of 300 families per day and are mostly sent in the direction of the station at Akçakoyun, where they are settled in a transit camp, enclosed with barbed wire, and then loaded into animal wagons destined for Aleppo and then sent on foot across the Syrian desert to Der el-Zor. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 752). 1915; July 31, Musa Da (sancak of Antakya): Four thousand two hundred Armenians entrenched in the highlands of Musa Da are besieged by regular troops beginning August 8. On September 10, a French warship, le Guichen, spots a distress signal issued by the besieged. With three other cruisers, including the Jeanne-d'Arc, the French marines undertake the transfer aboard their ships of the 4,000-plus villagers landed at Port Said. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 758). 1915; August 1 to 15, Kessab and Alexandretta (sancak of Antakya): Around 10,000 people from Kessab and Alexandretta are deported to Homs and Hama by the kaymakam, Fatih Bey. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 758). 1915; August 2: The Deputies Krikor Zohrab and Vartkes Seringulian leave Urfa and are executed two hours from the town in a deep gorge, ^eytan Deresi, which is practically the same spot where the Armenian elite from Urfa suffered the same, by Çerkez Ahmed, a S.O. officer. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 765). Copyright Â© Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Page 33/51 The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) 1915; August 2 to 7, S1vas: Prisoners held at the Gök medrese are extracted each night from the town in groups of 100 to 200, brought to Karl1k in the valley of Çelebiler located around four hours to the northwest of S1vas, where they are hacked to death with axes. **(Kévorkian, 2006: 567-568). 1915; August 3: The Armenian population of Van and its surrounding areas"several tens of thousands of individuals"is evacuated towards the Caucasus. They are attacked en route by bands of Kurds and Turks in a gorge in the Perkri region, where nearly 1,600 people are massacred. From the town of Echmiadzin alone, where these refugees were stationed, one can count 2,613 deaths in fifteen days between the end of August and the beginning of September 1915, which basically occurred in two waves. 1915; August 4, Mezreh (province of Mamuret ul-Aziz): The Armenians detained at the central prison of Mezreh"the political elite of the region"refuse to be deported and set themselves on fire. *** (Jacobsen, 2001: 84; and Piranian, 1937: 296-300). 1915; August 4, kaza of Bazarköy (province of Bursa): Two thousand soldiers and gendarmes under the supervision of Haci Alaeddin, a delegate of the CUP, and Abdülhamid Bey, military Commander at Bursa, besiege the town of Çengiler. On the same day they deport 1,200 families to Syria. The men are separated from the convoy an hour from the town and are executed on the banks of a river near Barzuda. The Armenians of Ortaköy, Keramet, S1l1z, and Benli"some 10,000 souls"are deported in the following days. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 698). 1915; August 6, kazas of Nallihan and Mihalicik (province of Ankara): All the males of Nallihan over the age of fourteen are arrested and dispatched along with 300 women and children; they are escorted by band commanded by Abdül Selim Tevfik. Two weeks later, 260 men are separated from the convoy and interned at the konak at Ankara. On August 23 they are set en route to the Syrian Desert. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 624). 1915; August 6 to 9, 0zmit: Four thousand Armenians from 0zmit are deported in three convoys to Konya. The authorities then proceed with the methodical destruction of houses and Diocese, then also the Armenian cemetery, in the Armenian quarter, which are burned. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 690). 1915; August 8: The commander of the Third Army Corps, Mahmud Kamil, receives the order to no longer occupy himself with the deportations, but to only cooperate with their administration. This measure is taken after a conference which is held at Erzincan around July 31, 1915, at which were gathered the Governors of Erzerum, Trabzon, Harput, and S1vas, along with several mutessarifs and kaymakams, such as that of Bayburt. The conference was led by Dr. Bahaeddin ^akir, the head of the S.O. **(Kévorkian, 2006: 382). 1915; August 8, kaza of Cizre (sancak of Mardin): The extermination of the inhabitants of the rural zones of Cizre begins on August 8 and lasts a week. ** (Simon, n.d.: 88). 1915; August 8, kaza of Yozgat (province of Ankara): Four hundred seventy-one Armenian notables from Yozgat are arrested and deported. Soon afterwards, a second group made up of 300 men is sent to Dere Mumlu, a spot some four hours from the town, and liquidated. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 634-635). 1915; August 8 to 12, S1vas: The people detained in the medrese of Sifahdiye are brought in groups of 200 to 300 to a farm located three hours from S1vas near the training school. They are executed there by orders of the local Secretary-Responsible of the CUP, Gani Bey. **(Kévorkian, 2006: 568). 1915; August 10: A Special Organization battalion commanded by Halil Kut executes the 1,500 Armenian and Assyrian soldier-workers of the two labor battalions stationed around Urfa, at Karaköprü and Kudeme. Copyright Â© Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Page 34/51 The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 765). 1915; August 10, Mardin: The third convoy, made up of some 600 people, is set en route. Its members are executed on the road, particularly at Salah and Harrin. *** (Ternon, 2002: 146-147). 1915; August 10 and 12, Merzifun (province of S1vas): Seventy-two Armenians, including a number of professors who had taken refuge in the Anatolia College, are questioned en route to Zile, where they had been escorted by gendarmes. The men are separated into one group at Yeni Han, bound together, and executed. On August 12, police and gendarmes break through the gates of Anatolia College and seize the 63 Armenian orphans of the American establishment. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 561-562). 1915; August 11, kaza of Adapazar (mutessarifat of 0zmit): The order to deport the Armenians of Adapazar and its surrounding villages is made public. Regular troops surround the Armenian quarters and control access points. The authorities forbid the population from carrying out movable goods. In fifteen days, 20,000 people are set en route to Konya in several convoys. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 689-690). 1915; August 11, Karaman (province of Konya): One thousand Armenians of the town are deported via the Ereli, Tarse, Osmaniye, Katma, Aleppo route to Meskene in the Syrian Desert, in accordance with orders from the Mayor, Ahmedolu Rifat, seconded by Halvac1zade Haci Bekir and Hadimlizade Enver. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 713). 1915; August 13, sancak of Kayseri: From this date on, some 20,000 Armenians from Kayseri and Talas are deported in several convoys to the Syrian Desert via 0ncesu, Develi, Nide, Bor, and Uluk1_lsa under the personal supervision of Yakub Cemil Bey, the CUP delegate in the province. The first convoy from Kayseri is made up of the remaining Armenians from the peripheral district. ***(Barton, 1998: 124; and Kévorkian, 2006: 646). 1915; August 13 to 15, mutessarifat of 0zmit: Eight thousand Armenians from Bardizag/Baçecik are deported, following those near Döngel and Ovac1k, to Konya and Bozant1. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 690). 1915; August 13 to 15, sancak of Afyonkarahisar (mutessarifat of Kütahya): Seven thousand five hundred Armenians of the sancak, and 4,500 from the prefecture, are deported under the supervision of Dr. Moktar Besim, the Secretary-Responsible of the CUP at Afyonkarahisar. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 703-704). 1915; August 14, sancak of Eski_ehir (mutessarifat of Kütahya): The 4,500 Armenians from four localities in the sancak are deported under the supervision of Dr. Besim Zühtü, Secretary-Responsible of the CUP at Eski_ehir. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 703). 1915; August 15, kaza of Zyr/Stanos (province of Ankara): Seven hundred males over the age of fifteen are arrested and transferred under escort to Ankara. A few days later, they are brought to the Çaya_ Bahçesi valley and massacred. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 624). 1915; August 15 to 17, sancak of Malatya: The first convoy of deportees from the various quarters of Malatya is put together and sent to Sürgü. Part of this convoy is decimated two hours away at Akçada, in the Beler Deresi valley, by local Kurdish tribes. ***(Kévorkian, 2006: 508). 1915; Mid-August, sancak of 0zmir: The Armenians from Menemen, Ku_adas1, Bay1nd1r, Söke, and Pergame (some 1,000 souls) are deported under the supervision of Farah Bey, kaymakam of Ku_adas1/Dikili, and Ar1f Hikmet Bey, kaymakam of Pergame. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 708). Copyright Â© Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Page 35/51 The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) 1915; Mid-August, sancak of Burdur (province of Konya): Around 1,500 Armenians from Burdur are deported by order of mutessarif Celaleddin Bey to Rakka and Ras ul-Ayn, then Der el-Zor. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 714). 1915; Mid-August, sancak of Nide (province of Konya): Around 4,500 Armenians from Nide, Bor, and Nev_ehir are deported to Syria. Fifteen hundred others, established at Aksaray, are executed at the end of August by Nazmi Bey, kaymakam of Nide, and Lt.-Col. Abdül Fetah, the director of the office of deportations at Aksaray. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 714). 1915; Mid-August to September 3, Adana: Five thousand families (20,000 individuals) are deported in eight convoys to Syria under the supervision of Ali Münif, Deputy of Adana and assistant to the Minister of the Interior, Talat, and the Director of police, Ad1l Bey. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 737-738). 1915; Mid-August, kazas of Birecik and Rumkale: Around 3,000 Armenians from these cantons are deported to the Mesopotamian desert. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 771). 1915; August 16, Nisibin (sancak of Mardin): The Christian notables, including the Jacobite bishop of Nisibin, are arrested and executed outside the town limits. Women and children are also exterminated in the course of the following days, and are thrown into 65 pits. *** (Ternon, 2002: 182-184; and Simon, n.d., 12). 1915; August 17 to 19, province of Bursa: Eighteen hundred families, nearly 9,000 Armenians of Bursa, are deported in three convoys to Syria via Konya and Bozant1, in animal wagons or on foot. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 696). 1915; Augst 18, kaza of Everek (province of Kayseri): After the males are exterminated, 13,000 Armenians are deported to Syria under the supervision of the kaymakam Salih Zeki; around 600 arrive in Aleppo, and 400 arrive in Damascus. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 649). 1915; August 18 and 19, Sivrihisar (province of Ankara): Four thousand Armenians of Sivrihisar are deported in three convoys to the Eski_ehir station, then via train to Syria, to the Rakka and Der el-Zor camps. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 625-626). 1915; August 18, 28 and 29, Talas (sancak of Kayseri): The Armenians of Talas are deported in three convoys to Syria. ** (Barton, 1998: 122-123; and Kévorkian, 2006: 647). 1915; August 19, Çank1r1 (province of Kastamonu): A second group of Armenian intellectuals interned at Çank1r1 since April 1915 is transferred to the Ankara prison, where they are put up from August 20 to 24. On the evening of the 24, they are set en route and are executed several days later at Yozgat. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 663). 1915, August 19, Medz Norkiugh (kaza of Bazarköy, province of Bursa): Under the supervision of the müdir, Mehmed Fahri, nearly 8,000 Armenians are sent to Eski_ehir, then directed on foot along the Konya-Bozant1-Aleppo route. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 698). 1915; August 19, Bilecik (sancak of Erturul, province of Bursa): Thirteen thousand Armenians of Bilecik and it surrounding regions are deported under the supervision of the Secretary-Responsible, Ahmed Mercimekzade, the local delegate of the CUP Central Committee. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 699-700). 1915; August 19-20, Urfa: Çerkez Ahmed and his bandits proceed to massacre several hundred Armenians Copyright Â© Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence Page 36/51 The Extermination of Ottoman Armenians by the Young Turk Regime (1915-1916) at Urfa. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 766). 1915; August 20, Ak_ehir (province of Konya): The first convoy of deportees from Ak_ehir is set en route to the Syrian Desert. Around 5,000 Armenians from the town are deported to the same destination in the following weeks. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 713). 1915; August 21, Konya: Three thousand Armenians from the town are deported in a convoy to Syria under the order of Ferid Bey, a.k.a. Hamal Ferid, the Secretary-Responsible of the CUP at Konya (Kévorkian, 2006: 712). 1915; August 22, Yozgat: The first convoy from Yozgat, comprising some 2,000 women and children, leaves the town toward the south. On August 27, they are surrounded at Karahac1li by Turkish and Circassian villagers and exterminated, with the exception of some young women and children, who are abducted to be sold. *** (Kévorkian, 2006: 637). 1915; August 23, Mardin: The fourth convoy, made up of 300 deportees, leaves Mardin. The members of the convoy are executed at Salah and Harrin. *** (Ternon, 2002: 146-147). 1915; August 23 to 25, sancak of Malatya: The second convoy of deportees from Malatya is put together and sent to F1r1nc1lar. Part of the group arrives at Samsat. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 508). 1915; August 26, Merzifun (province of S1vas): The American medical and hospital corps of Merzifun, comprised of 52 Armenians who mainly take care of the war-wounded, are arrested by of Governor Muammer, and eliminated. ** (Kévorkian, 2006: 562).

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